Kala-azar is a parasitic disease caused by a protozoan parasite. This disease is also referred to as visceral leishmaniasis and is transmitted by the sand fly. Kala-azar is characterized by fever, weight loss, and anemia. Other symptoms include enlarged spleen, liver, and lymph nodes. If left untreated, kala-azar can be lethal. Synonyms for kala-azar include black fever, Dum-Dum fever, and leishmaniasis. These terms are frequently used interchangeably, primarily in different regions of the world. It is important to understand these synonyms for kala-azar, to help in identifying the disease and seeking appropriate medical attention.